Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2014 (vol. 50), issue 2

Biotechnology in Legume Breeding - International Workshop organised on the occasion of the 70^th anniversary of agrobiological research and plant breeding at ŠumperkIntroduction

M. Griga

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):41-42 | DOI: 10.17221/125/2014-CJGPB  

Gregor J. Mendel - genetics founding fatherReview

Erik SCHWARZBACH, Petr SMÝKAL, Ondřej DOSTÁL, Michaela JARKOVSKÁ, Simona VALOVÁ

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):43-51 | DOI: 10.17221/54/2014-CJGPB  

Mendel's impact on science is overwhelming. Although based on the number of scientific papers he published he might be considered a meteorologist, his most significant contribution is his study of plant hybrids. This single work puts Mendel on a par with Darwin's evolutionary theory and establishes him firmly in the frame of today's biology. The aim of this article is to introduce the personality of Gregor Johann Mendel, focussing not just on his scientific work, but also on his background and what or who influenced him. To understand Mendel's use of quantification and mathematical analysis of obtained results, representing a radical departure from...

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in biology prior and after Mendel's discoveryReview

Petr SMÝKAL

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):52-64 | DOI: 10.17221/2/2014-CJGPB  

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been extensively used in early hybridization studies and it was the model organism of choice for Mendel's discovery of the laws of inheritance, making pea part of the foundation of modern genetics. Pea has also been used as model for experimental morphology and physiology. However, subsequent progress in pea genomics has lagged behind many other plant species, largely as a consequence of its genome size and low economic significance. The availability of the genome sequences of five legume species (Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Glycine max, Cajanus cajan and Cicer aerietinum)...

Grain legume crop history among Slavic nations traced using linguistic evidenceOriginal Paper

Aleksandar MIKIĆ

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):65-68 | DOI: 10.17221/212/2013-CJGPB  

With Proto-Slavic and other Proto-Indo-European homelands close to each other and on the routes of domestication of the first cultivated grain legumes, now known as pulses, one may assume that the ancestors of the modern Slavic nations knew field beans, peas or lentils quite well. The main goal of this short note was to examine the origin and the diversity of the words denoting field bean, pea and lentil in most of the modern Slavic languages. The common ancestor of all modern Slavic words denoting field bean is the Proto-Slavic *bobŭ, derived from the Proto-Indo-European *bhabh-, bhabhā, also denoting field bean...

The use of legume seed for expression and storage of high value proteinsReview

Tomáš MORAVEC, Noemi ČEŘOVSKÁ

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):69-76 | DOI: 10.17221/143/2013-CJGPB  

There is an ever growing need for the use of recombinant proteins both in medicine and industry; however their widespread use is limited by the lack of production capacity. Transgenic plants offer the possibility to produce and deliver recombinant proteins on a large scale with low production costs and with minimal purification or enrichment requirements. Among crop plants, legumes have great potential as a protein production platform because of their naturally high protein content, nutritional value, independence of N-nutrition, pollen containment, available processing technology, storage stability etc. There have been several proof-of-principle attempts...

Influence of PEG generated osmotic stress on shoot regeneration and some biochemical parameters in Lathyrus cultureOriginal Paper

Barbara PIWOWARCZYK, Iwona KAMIŃSKA, Wojciech RYBIŃSKI

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):77-83 | DOI: 10.17221/110/2013-CJGPB  

Several Lathyrus species and in particular Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) display much tolerance to drought and have great agronomic potential as grain and forage legumes. Studies on these crop species could improve our understanding of the mechanisms of plant resistance to water stress. This investigation was aimed at examining the effect of low water potential generated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 on seed germination, shoot regeneration and some biochemical parameters related to drought stress. Seeds of eight Lathyrus accessions (six of L. sativus, one of L. cicera, one of L. tingitanus) were...

Studies on cell wall regeneration in protoplast culture of legumes - the effect of organic medium additives on cell wall componentsOriginal Paper

Alina WISZNIEWSKA, Barbara PIWOWARCZYK

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):84-91 | DOI: 10.17221/108/2013-CJGPB  

The cell wall regeneration in mesophyll protoplasts of yellow lupin and grass pea was studied. The occurrence of cell wall components: cellulose, callose and arabinogalactan proteins was analysed during 15 days of culture. Protoplasts were cultured in different media to test the effect of culture environment on the cell wall regeneration. Medium supplementation with 2 mg/l chitosan resulted in prolonged viability, more balanced cellulose resynthesis, increased callose formation and induction of mitotic divisions in protoplast-derived cells of both examined legumes. In chitosan-enriched medium arabinogalactan proteins were detected in cell plates of...

Modern methods for genetic improvement of Trifolium pratense.Review

Jana ŘEPKOVÁ, Jan NEDĚLNÍK

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):92-99 | DOI: 10.17221/139/2013-CJGPB  

This review focuses on trends in genetic improvement of a significant representative forage crop, Trifolium pratense (red clover) classified taxonomically into the agronomically outstanding family Fabaceae. Red clover breeding is aimed at improving traits like persistency, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, forage yield and quality characteristics such as protein quality and stability. Isoflavone content in forage is important for cattle reproduction. Interspecific hybridization of red clover with the related wild species T. medium was used for the introgression of useful traits into red clover. The breeding strategy...

Genetic variability of the Czech Pea enation mosaic virus isolatesOriginal Paper

Dana ŠAFÁŘOVÁ, Milan NAVRÁTIL

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):100-104 | DOI: 10.17221/131/2013-CJGPB  

The Pea enation mosaic virus is an example of symbiogenesis of taxonomically unrelated PEMV-1 and PEMV-2 viruses. Partial RNA sequences, PEMV-1 coat protein, PEMV-2 movement protein gene and satellite RNA from seventeen isolates were compared with the aim of enlarging the knowledge of PEMV variability. The isolates showed genetic variability based on the nucleotide sequences in both RNA1 and RNA2, with 98-94% identity within coat protein gene sequences, and 95-96% identity within the movement protein. The phylogenetic analyses showed different evolution of both symbiotic viruses and differences in the European isolates. Most of the differences...

Effect of artificial dsRNA on infection of pea plants by Pea seed-borne mosaic virusOriginal Paper

Dana ŠAFÁŘOVÁ, Pavel BRÁZDA, Milan NAVRÁTIL

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):105-108 | DOI: 10.17221/120/2013-CJGPB  

The effect of direct application of artificial dsRNA molecules derived from the viral coat protein gene and the possibility of RNA interference induction leading to protection against Pea seed borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) have been investigated. Effectivity of virus transmission was not afected by the dsRNA treatment. Simultaneous application of dsRNA and virus inoculation as well as dsRNA application one day before PSbMV inoculation led to a significant short-term decrease in the PSbMV concentration in experimental pea plants. Either the curative effect of the artificial dsRNA biolistic application was not noticed.

Response of Vicia species to Ascochyta fabae and Uromyces viciae-fabaeReview

Josefina Carmen SILLERO, Diego RUBIALES

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):109-115 | DOI: 10.17221/132/2013-CJGPB  

A collection of 267 accessions belonging to 61 Vicia species other than V. faba was screened under growth chamber conditions for response to Ascochyta fabae and Uromyces viciae-fabae, causal agents of ascochyta blight and faba bean rust, respectively. High resistance to both diseases was very frequently detected in Vicia spp. in contrast to the high susceptibility previously reported in most V. faba accessions. Most of the Vicia spp. accessions studied here were very resistant or even immune to A. fabae with only one per cent of the accessions allowing development of small...

Resistance to rust and powdery mildew in Lathyrus cropsReview

Maria Carlota VAZ PATTO, Diego RUBIALES

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):116-122 | DOI: 10.17221/126/2013-CJGPB  

Several Lathyrus species, particularly Lathyrus sativus and L. cicera, have a high potential both as food and fodder crops. Rust and powdery mildew fungi are among the most important pathogens of major grain legumes including Lathyrus species. We review and critically discuss available knowledge of the existence of resistance and the underlying resistance mechanisms against rust and powdery mildew in the L. sativus and L. cicera crop species.

Obtaining calli and regenerated plants in anther cultures of peaOriginal Paper

Sergey BOBKOV

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):123-129 | DOI: 10.17221/137/2013-CJGPB  

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a species for which there is no efficient method for the recovery of haploid plants yet. This research investigated the influence of various genotypes, nutrient media, and stress treatments on callus formation, embryogenesis and plant regeneration in anther cultures of pea. A wide range of pea genotypes and nutrient media was studied. Morphogenic calli were initiated on media supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) without application of stress treatments. Embryogenic calli and embryos were regenerated on media with low sucrose content...

Hybridization of cultivated lentil Lens culinaris Medik. and wild species Lens tomentosus LadizinskyOriginal Paper

Galina SUVOROVA

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):130-134 | DOI: 10.17221/231/2013-CJGPB  

Cultivated lentil L. culinaris was crossed to the wild species L. tomentosus ILWL90 and ILWL120. An ovule rescue technique was used to overcome interspecific incompatibility. Out of 296 hybrid ovules being planted in vitro 27 explants began to grow and three hybrids were recovered. A hybrid between L. culinaris and L. tomentosus accession ILWL90 was obtained by means of ovule recovery only. F₁ plant and next generations of the hybrid were either sterile or partly fertile. Hybridization with L. tomentosus accession ILWL120 was achieved by ovule culture as well as in a usual way i.e. without...

Resistance to rusts (Uromyces pisi and U. viciae-fabae) in peaReview

Eleonora Barilli, Josefina Carmen Sillero, Elena Prats, Diego Rubiales

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):135-143 | DOI: 10.17221/125/2013-CJGPB  

Pea is the second most important food legume crop in the world. Rust is a pea disease widely distributed, particularly in regions with warm, humid weather. Pea rust can be incited by Uromyces viciae-fabae and by U. pisi. U. viciae-fabae prevails in tropical and subtropical regions such as India and China, while U. pisi prevails in temperate regions. Chemical control of rust is possible, but the use of host plant resistance is the most desired means of rust control. In this paper we revise and discuss the occurrence and incidence of both pathogens on peas, the availability of resistance sources and the present state...

Legume breeding for broomrape resistanceReview

Diego Rubiales

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):144-150 | DOI: 10.17221/106/2013-CJGPB  

Legume cultivation is hampered in Mediterranean regions by the occurrence of the root parasitic weeds Orobanche crenata (crenate broomrape) and Orobanche foetida (foetida broomrape). Strategies of control have been developed but only marginal successes have been achieved. Most control methods are unfeasible, uneconomical, and hard to achieve or result in incomplete protection. Breeding for resistance is possible, but is hampered by the lack of sufficient levels of resistance, the complexity of its inheritance and the unreliability of available screening methods. Recent achievements in the identification of resistance levels and their...

The application of high resolution melting in the analysis of simple sequence repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism markers in a pea (Pisum sativum L.) populationOriginal Paper

Michał KNOPKIEWICZ, Magdalena GAWŁOWSKA, Wojciech ŚWIĘCICKI

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):151-156 | DOI: 10.17221/113/2013-CJGPB  

The aim of this study was to verify the high resolution melting (HRM) method in the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in pea (Pisum sativum L.). A recombinant inbred line population, Carneval × MP1401, was tested for three SNP and 103 SSR markers. HRM analysis was conducted on a LightScanner 96 instrument with LC Green dye. The melting curve shape permitted two polymorphic genotypes to be distinguished. The results were confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Three SSR markers were sequenced and analysed by the melting prediction software. The results confirmed the presence of one polymerase...

Variability in the oligosaccharide concentration in seeds of the mapping population of pea (Pisum sativum L.)Original Paper

Magdalena Gawłowska, Lesław Lahuta, Wojciech Święcicki, Paweł Krajewski

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):157-162 | DOI: 10.17221/116/2013-CJGPB  

Anti-nutritional compounds are among the obstacles to the use of pea seeds as a protein source in both feed and food. These compounds are poorly digested by both monogastric animals and humans. There are three main oligosaccharides in pea: raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (raffinose family oligosaccharides - RFOs). The concentration of oligosaccharides in dry seeds, the oligosaccharide percent to the total content of soluble sugars and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were analysed in the mapping population Wt10245 × Wt11238. The composition and concentration of soluble carbohydrates in seeds harvested from two field experiments (2002 and 2004) were...

Variability of PSPAL1 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene-1) proximal promoter sequence and expression in pea challenged with Mycosphaerella pinodesOriginal Paper

Sylwia OKORSKA, Dariusz MICHALCZYK, Adam OKORSKI, Agnieszka PIOTROWICZ-CIEŚLAK, Piotr PUPEL, Katarzyna GŁOWACKA, Teresa JAGIELSKA, Ryszard GÓRECKI

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):163-170 | DOI: 10.17221/149/2013-CJGPB  

Part of the PSPAL1 gene (corresponding to the proximal promoter, exon 1 and intron) from eight pea varieties was sequenced and compared to the published sequence of PSPAL1 gene from Midoriusui cultivar (GenBank: D10002.1). The sequences showed a very high level of identity (96-99%), except in five varieties there occurred a motif TTATTACAAAATATTA close to the Goldberg-Hogness (TATA) box, and it was not detected in the other four varieties, including Midoriusui. Plants of eight pea varieties were subjected to controlled infection with Mycosphaerella pinodes and the disease index was determined (it ranged from 5.2 to 42.3%)....

Molecular mapping of QTLs for resistance to early and late Fusarium wilt in chickpeaOriginal Paper

Basavanagouda Siddanagouda PATIL, Ramapur Laxmipathi RAVIKUMAR, Jayant Subray BHAT, Chandrakant Dharmaraya SOREGAON

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):171-176 | DOI: 10.17221/188/2013-CJGPB  

A molecular map of chickpea was constructed using F₉:F₁₀ recombinant inbred lines from an intraspecific cross between Fusarium wilt susceptible (JG 62) and resistant (WR 315) genotypes. A total of 23 markers with LOD scores of > 3.0 were mapped on the recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Twenty sequence tagged microsatellites (STMSs) and three amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) covered 300.2 cM in five linkage groups at an average inter-marker distance of 13 cM. Early and late wilting due to Fusarium infection was recorded in RILs at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively. There was a significant variation among RILs for wilt...

Genetic diversity of Albanian pea (Pisum sativum L.) landraces assessed by morphological traits and molecular markersOriginal Paper

Belul GIXHARI, Michaela PAVELKOVÁ, Hairi ISMAILI, Hekuran VRAPI, Alban JAUPI, Petr SMÝKAL

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):177-184 | DOI: 10.17221/227/2013-CJGPB  

In order to investigate the genetic diversity present in the pea germplasm stored in the Albanian genebank, we analyzed 28 local pea genotypes of Albanian origins for 23 quantitative morphological traits, as well as 14 retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphism (RBIP) molecular markers. The study of morphological characters carried out during three growing seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012) had the objective of characterization of traits useful in breeding programs. RBIP marker analysis revealed the genetic similarity in range from 0.06 to 0.45. ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis was used to visualize the association among...

Potential of legume-cereal intercropping for increasing yields and yield stability for self-sufficiency with animal fodder in organic farmingOriginal Paper

Igor HUŇADY, Miroslav HOCHMAN

Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2014, 50(2):185-194 | DOI: 10.17221/242/2013-CJGPB  

Intercropping of grain legumes and cereals is a promising theme in organic farming for its potential for increasing and stabilizing yields, reducing weed pressure and sustaining plant health. On animal husbandry farms, pea-cereal mixtures may be an interesting crop harvested for green fodder as well as for feed concentrates. Increasing self-sufficiency with fodder is in agreement with the principles of organic agriculture, and it reduces the risks related to the import of soy protein that may be admixed with GM soya. In 2008-2011, plot trials (PT) with intercropped peas and spring cereals (wheat, barley) were conducted. Varieties and pea-cereal combinations...