Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding - Latest articles
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List of field crop varieties registered in the Czech Republic in 2025
Mezlík Tomáš
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(2):117-119 | DOI: 10.17221/30/2026-CJGPB 
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The 90th Birthday of RNDr. Erik Schwarzbach, Dr. agr. habil. (*6 April 1936)
Antonín Dreiseitl, Věra Kroftová
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(2):115-116 | DOI: 10.17221/31/2026-CJGPB
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Genetic diversity assessment of hydrogen cyanide, total carotenoid content, and dry matter content in biofortified cassava using trait-linked SNP markers
Bismark Anokye, Peter Amoah, Bardee Wrojay Potter, Abdoul-Razak Oumarou Mahamane, Theophilus Adu-Gyamfi, Levitikos Dembure, Nezif Abajebal Abadura, Bunmi Olasanmi, Elizabeth Parkes
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(2):102-114 | DOI: 10.17221/121/2025-CJGPB
Assessing of genetic diversity is essential for identifying useful alleles for crop improvement. This study evaluated genetic diversity among two cassava breeding populations for total carotenoid content (TCC), dry matter content (DMC), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration using trait-linked single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 360 genotypes were analysed, including 261 from the IITA breeding programme (Population 1), 23 progenitor lines, and 76 from the University of Ibadan Cassava (UIC) breeding programme (Population 2). Minor allele frequency (MAF), gene diversity (GD), observed heterozygosity (He), and polymorphic...
The AhDREB transgene expression activates NtP5CS and NtSUSY, promoting osmotic adjustment in transgenic tobacco under salt stress
Thuy Thi Xuan Vi, Dang Xuan Hoang, Tra Thi Nguyen, Ngoc Bich Pham, Quan Huu Nguyen, Mau Hoang Chu
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(2):89-101 | DOI: 10.17221/124/2025-CJGPB
Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint that limits the growth and productivity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a legume adapted to mildly acidic soils but highly sensitive to saline–alkaline conditions. Dehydration-Responsive Element Binding (DREB) transcription factors are key regulators of plant responses to abiotic stresses. In this study, the AhDREB gene from peanut was introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) to examine its functional role under salt stress. The transgenic lines (L32.2 and L37.2) exhibited strong induction of AhDREB expression upon exposure to 150 and 250 mM NaCl, with transcript...
Whole genome sequencing analysis of two sinensis tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) clones: Assessment of molecular variations to search for breeding markers
Dwinita Wikan Utami, Adhityo Wicaksono, M. Khais Prayoga, Heri Syahrian, Vitria P. Rahadi, Erdiansyah Rezamela, Budi Martono, Tri Joko Santoso, Nur Kholilatul Izzah, Haris Maulana, Ady Daryanto, Rerenstradika Tizar Terryana, Imas Rita Saadah, David Virya Chen
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(2):76-88 | DOI: 10.17221/116/2025-CJGPB
Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is a globally important crop valued for its flavour diversity and health benefits. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to compare genomic variation and functional potential between clone Yabukita and locally adapted clone I.1.93. Using next-generation sequencing, approximately 10× genome coverage was achieved for both clones, with high mapping efficiency (98.24% for Yabukita and 97.88% for clone I.1.93), ensuring reliable downstream analyses. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed distinct genomic patterns, with Yabukita showing a more uniform chromosomal SNP distribution, while clone...
Evaluating the discriminatory ability and informativeness of DArTseq markers in a comprehensive set of contemporary European potato varieties
Petr Sedlák, Vladimíra Sedláková, Jakub Vašek, Ervín Hausvater, Daniela Čílová, Martina Melounová, Jiří Ptáček, Petr Doležal
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(2):64-75 | DOI: 10.17221/103/2025-CJGPB
High-throughput molecular technology DArTseq generates markers for potential use in molecular breeding of crops. Using DArTseq, we analysed a comprehensive set of 333 European potato varieties reflecting the outcomes of long-term breeding history and representing a potential germplasm for future breeding of potatoes in the Central European region. The varieties were classified according to four factors: region of origin, breeder, earliness and utilisation mode, that may potentially reflect their genetic structure, and for which complete data were publicly available. The DArTseq analysis was performed by the service centre, the Diversity Array...
Seasonal and microclimate-responsive expression of VRN-A1 and VRN-B1 in wheat under field conditions
Nicole Frantová, Ilja Tom Prášil, Ludmila Holková
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(2):53-63 | DOI: 10.17221/76/2025-CJGPB
The need of vernalisation, controlled by the gene VRN-1, impacts wheat adaptation and yield stability, yet field evidence on the plasticity of VRN-1 homoeologs expression is limited. We quantified VRN-1 homoeolog dynamics across two sites and two seasons in seven cultivars, by sampling their apex and leaf. VRN-A1 varied with genotype (P < 0.001***), tissue (apex > leaf; P < 0.001***), apex development (P < 0.001***), day length (P < 0.001***), and to a lesser extent, on short-term freezing exposure, quantified as a 5-day freezing-degree sum (FDS; P = 0.019*). Photoperiod...
List of Reviewers 2025
Editorial Department
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(1)
Early activation of CIPK3 in the cold-tolerant potato Solanum commersonii
Roberta Smimmo, Grazia Buonfantino, Clizia Villano, Domenico Carputo, Vincenzo D'Amelia, Riccardo Aversano
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(1):49-52 | DOI: 10.17221/51/2025-CJGPB
Solanum commersonii shows tolerance to low temperatures, a key target trait for potato breeding. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CIPKs) play a significant role in plant defence response to several stresses, including cold. In this study, we observed the expression of ScCIPK1, ScCIPK3, ScCIPK23 and ScCIPK24 in S. commersonii exposed to 4 °C at multiple time intervals. Initial findings revealed that these genes were under-expressed after 10 and 30 minutes of cold stress, except ScCIPK3. Notably, after 24 hours, all genes displayed higher expression levels compared to the non-stressed controls. These...
Genetic diversity analysis of Solanum accessions from Czech collections of potato genetic resources using nuclear SSR markers
Zuzana Rottová, Tereza Anna Javůrková, Petr Sedlák, Jiří Ptáček, Eloy Fernández-Cusimamani, Vladimíra Sedláková
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(1):36-48 | DOI: 10.17221/97/2025-CJGPB
The genus Solanum comprises numerous wild and cultivated species that are important for potato breeding. This pilot-scale study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity in 44 accessions from Solanum sect. Petota, comprising wild species, Andean landraces, and modern cultivars, obtained from the Potato Research Institute Havlíčkův Brod, Ltd. and the Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry at the Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Nuclear microsatellite markers (SSR, 29 loci) were applied via five multiplex PCR reactions and analysed using capillary electrophoresis. Binary data matrices were...
The identification of wheat leaf rust resistance genes and their utilisation value in 42 wheat cultivars
Xue Li, Zhanhai Kang, Jiaqi Zhang, Sufen Dong, Man Li, Xing Li
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(1):25-35 | DOI: 10.17221/78/2025-CJGPB
Leaf rust is an important wheat disease that considerably reduces the wheat production in most wheat growing regions worldwide. This study aimed to identify leaf rust resistance genes in 42 wheat varieties to find genetic sources with the broadest spectrum of resistance against leaf rust pathotypes, to enable effective breeding for disease resistance. In this study, 42 wheat cultivars were inoculated with 18 pathotypes of Puccinia triticina Eriks. at the seedling stage to postulate the Lr genes in the cultivars. Resistance to leaf rust at the adult stage was then tested in field trials under natural infection during the 2019 to 2020...
Microsatellite markers as a useful tool for species identification and assessment of genetic diversity of the Tilia species in the Czech Republic
Pavlína Máchová, Helena Cvrčková, Olga Trčková, Kateřina Vítová, Johana Pechačová, Václav Buriánek, Petr Maděra, Kateřina Houšková, Tomáš Vyhnánek, Pavel Hanáček
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(1):14-24 | DOI: 10.17221/102/2025-CJGPB
Diagnostic morphological traits distinguishing Tilia cordata and T. platyphyllos are not always apparent. Precise species identification is crucial for conservation management and for establishing genetic resources of forest reproductive material. In this study, we employed fifteen microsatellite (SSR) markers to identify diagnostic loci for reliable species discrimination between T. cordata and T. platyphyllos species and to evaluate the genetic diversity. A total of 250 trees were sampled from eight natural autochthonous populations of T. cordata and T. platyphyllos in the Czech Republic, and additional...
Evaluation of gamma-irradiated Pisum sativum germplasm for agronomic traits and tolerance to Didymella pinodes
Efi Sarri, Anastasios Katsileros, Sofia Migardou, Panagiotis Viliotis, Ioannis Sidiropoulos, Dimitris Sifnaios, Pavlos Diamantis, Nikolaos Sklavounos, Eleni M. Abraham, Penelope J. Bebeli, Nasya Tomlekova, Dimosthenis Kizis, Eleni Tani
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2026, 62(1):1-13 | DOI: 10.17221/84/2025-CJGPB
Ascochyta blight, caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi including Didymella pinodes, Ascochyta pisi, and Phoma pinodella, is a major disease of field pea (Pisum sativum), causing severe losses through lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. Mutation breeding using gamma irradiation is a non-GMO strategy to induce genetic variation and accelerate the development of improved genotypes. In this study, the M2 generation of the forage pea cultivar Dodoni (Pisum sativum L. var. arvense), derived from M0 seeds irradiated with 100 Gy, was evaluated for tolerance to D. pinodes (CBS 251.47)...
INDEX OF VOLUME 61
Editorial Department
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(4):I-IV
Insights into panicle trait variation and DUF-640 gene conservation in Indonesian foxtail millets (Setaria italica)
Marisa Vidya Luthfiani, M. Reza Pahlevi, Bambang Sapta Purwoko, Sintho Wahyuning Ardie
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(4):235-246 | DOI: 10.17221/86/2025-CJGPB
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a resilient yet underutilised C4 cereal valued for its adaptability to abiotic stress and high nutritional content. While panicle traits have been linked to yield in many cereals, the spatial arrangement of foxtail millet panicles remained unexplored, especially among locally adapted genotypes. This study aimed to characterise spatial panicle architecture traits and to analyse the DUF-640, a gene controlling primary branch number, among Indonesian foxtail millet genotypes. Results revealed substantial variation in panicle architecture, including primary branch number, grain number, and grain...
Evaluation of genetic characteristics and physicochemical property of Korean wheat landraces (Triticum aestivum L.)
Yumi Lee, Sejin Oh, Seong-Wook Kang, Jaeyoung Ock, Gitak Ryu, Seul Lee, Jinhee Park, Jin-Young Moon, Jin-Young Kim, Jongtae Lee, Seong-Woo Cho
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(4):210-221 | DOI: 10.17221/48/2025-CJGPB
This study has evaluated the genetic characteristics and wheat processing-related properties of four Korean wheat landraces (KWLs). The KWLs were found to possess the vernalization alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1 and the photoperiod alleles Ppd-A1b, Ppd-B1b, and Ppd-D1a. The Korean cultivated variety Keumgang also shared these alleles with the exception of vrn-D1. With regard to grain hardness, KWL 2 was shown to possess Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1b like Keumgang, while other KWLs were classified as carrying Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a. All KWLs were found to be non-waxy, carrying the...
Genetic characterisation of a novel male sterile two-type line system 19F08AB in Brassica napus L.
Lirong Zhao, Zikang Chen, Ruting Xie, Hui Dong, Haibo Yu, Dongsuo Zhang, Zhaoxin Hu, Shengwu Hu
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(4):222-234 | DOI: 10.17221/47/2025-CJGPB
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a major global oilseed crop and exhibits significant heterosis. The discovery and characterisation of novel male-sterile accessions remain fundamental for harnessing heterosis in rapeseed breeding. Previously, we developed a male sterile two-type line system 19F08AB in B. napus. In this study, anther abortion in 19F08A was characterised using the squash method. The inheritance of male sterility in 19F08A and its genetic relationship to reported male sterile accessions in rapeseed was investigated using classical genetic analysis and male-sterility-gene-specific molecular markers. Results indicated that...
Expression and analysis of StNR and StNiRs, key enzyme genes of nitrogen assimilation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with different nitrogen efficiencies
Yuzhu Han, Zhijun Han, Yue Lu, Zhongcai Han, Jiayue Zhang, Jingying Zhang, Hongyu Qiao, Hongxia He
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(4):193-209 | DOI: 10.17221/22/2025-CJGPB
The potato is a pivotal food crop on a global scale. Nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) are the key enzymes in nitrogen assimilation. In previous research, we found that the nitrogen assimilation process was effectively regulated by StNR and StNiRs in potato and that there were significant differences in nitrogen utilisation efficiency between different potato varieties. In this study, three potato variants with different nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were subjected to various nitrogen supply levels and photoperiod treatments. The results indicated that the relative expression levels of StNR and StNiRs in their leaves...
Mechanisms of overwintering frost tolerance in alfalfa roots based on 4D-Label-free quantitative proteomics
Yajun Ma, Yu Zhang, Qiaoxian Zhang, Guo Sun, Yajun Yan, Chuan Wang, Wenbin Mian, Tianhui Yang, Ting Gao
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(4):181-192 | DOI: 10.17221/27/2025-CJGPB
The present study investigates the differential protein expression levels between the frost-tolerant variety Qingda No.1 and the frost-sensitive variety Gannong No.9. The analysis was conducted using 4D-Label-free quantitative proteomics technology, with the samples collected prior to and after overwintering. The results showed that the protein expression of Qingda No.1 changed more significantly during the overwintering process, with 451 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) being identified, of which 224 were up-regulated and 227 down-regulated. In contrast, the protein expression of Gannong No.9 differed from that of alfalfa roots of the...
Obituary of Assoc. Prof. RNDr. Jaroslava Ovesná, CSc. (1959-2025)
Dagmar Janovská, Dagmar Cvrčková
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(3):180 | DOI: 10.17221/59/2025-CJGPB
It is with great sadness that we announce our respected colleague and prominent scientist, Assoc. Prof. RNDr. Jaroslava Ovesná, CSc., passed away on June 17, 2025, following a lengthy battle with an illness at the age of 65 years. She served as a member of the editorial board of the Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding from 2000 to 2017. From 1984, immediately after graduating in biochemistry from the Faculty of Science of Charles University, until her passing, she worked at the Czech Agrifood Research Centre (CARC), formerly the Crop Research Institute (CRI).
Transcriptome analysis reveals differential gene expression in tomato under high-temperature stress
Yun Li, Xin Ye, Lingzeng Lv, Na Chen
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(3):160-179 | DOI: 10.17221/45/2025-CJGPB
Tomato is a major global crop, extensively cultivated in China. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its responses to high-temperature stress remain poorly understood. This study investigates these mechanisms by examining a heat-resistant tomato variety, Hm 2-2 (R), and a heat-sensitive variety, BY 1-2 (S), under high temperature (40 °C). Total RNA was extracted from samples taken at 0 and 24 h post-treatment, followed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened based on the criteria of |log2 fold change| ≥ 2 and false discovery rate ≤ 0.05. Gene ontology (GO) function annotation and...
Assessing genetic variability and heritability in the F4 population of mutant Bioguma and Gando Keta local Indonesian sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]
Endang Lestari, Karlina Syahruddin, Heny Herawati, Suarni Suarni, Moch Subechan, Suwarti Suwarti, Slamet Priyanto, Herniwati Herniwati, Diana Widiastuti
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(3):151-159 | DOI: 10.17221/15/2025-CJGPB
This study examined the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in the F4 generation of sorghum to enhance grain productivity. The study was conducted at Citayam Research Station, Depok Indonesia (March–September 2023), and evaluated 102 progenies of the F4 population from a Bioguma (a mutant line) × Gando Keta (a local variety) cross using an Augmented block design with four replications. The results of this experiment indicated that the F4 generation outperformed the Gando Keta grain yield components, but remained inferior to Bioguma. The yield traits were influenced by the non-additive gene action,...
Impact of nitric oxide on sunflower growth and drought tolerance mechanisms
Аіdаnа Sugirbеkоva, Mehmet Hamurcu, Anamika Pandey, Mohd. Kamran Khan, Fevzi Elbasan, Zuhal Zeynep Avsaroglu, Ayse Humeyra Omay, Sait Gezgin
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(3):138-150 | DOI: 10.17221/25/2025-CJGPB
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a globally significant oilseed crop, faces substantial yield losses due to drought stress, a major environmental constraint. In this study, the effects of nitric oxide (NO) to increase drought tolerance in four sunflower genotypes (resistant Irtysh, RAR 56 and sensitive Zarya, RAR 133) showing different stress responses were investigated. Conducted in a controlled hydroponic system, the experiment applied 100 µM NO under 12% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought, assessing growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters. PEG alone reduced shoot and root growth, relative water content (RWC), and ion...
Study of the genetic potential of autochthonous populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) for use in breeding purposes
Marina Antic, Željko Lakić, Branislav Radulović, Vera Popović
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(3):128-137 | DOI: 10.17221/21/2025-CJGPB
The testing and evaluation of native populations of perennial ryegrasses (Lolium perenne L.) collected from the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina were conducted from 2020 to 2022 at experimental fields and laboratories of the Institute for Genetic Resources and the Agricultural Institute of the Republic of Srpska in Banja Luka. Six native populations (labelled G1–G6) and two cultivars, Esquire and Tivoli (labelled G7 and G8), were analysed in this study. The following traits were examined: the plant height (cm), number of generative stems per plant, inflorescence length (cm), number of spikes per inflorescence, seed mass per inflorescence...
Genome-wide identification and in silico expression analysis of CCO gene family in Citrus sinensis (orange) in response to citrus greening
Sadaf Sarwar, Muhammad Shafiq, Layba Tasawar, Iram Gull, Jannat Akram, Maha Al-Roshdi, Gabrijel Ondrasek, Muhammad Shafiq Shahid
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(3):113-127 | DOI: 10.17221/11/2025-CJGPB
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (sweet orange) is the most important cultivated citrus fruit in the world. However, Hanglongbing (HLB) disease, caused by Candidatus Liberibactor asiaticus (CLAs), poses a major threat to sweet orange production, by hindering colour, quality and export. Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs), which include carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs), are essential for plant growth, development, and adaptation to phytohormonal, biotic, and abiotic stresses. This study identified 14 CsCCO genes in C. sinensis. Structural and conservation studies were conducted...
List of varieties registered in the Czech Republic in 2024
Tomáš Mezlík
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(2):110-112 | DOI: 10.17221/16/2025-CJGPB
Reciprocal hybridisation of Aloe species (Aloe arborescens with A. vera) and their characterisation in a highland region of Venezuela
José Imery-Buiza, Wendy Ozols-Narbona
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(2):100-109 | DOI: 10.17221/7/2025-CJGPB
Aloe vera and A. arborescens are succulent plants widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food supplements. The objective of this study was to perform interspecific crosses and agronomically characterise three genotypes cultivated in a Venezuelan highland region (altitude 1 727 m, 13–17.9 °C). Successful hybridisation was achieved only when A. arborescens pollen (P1) was used on A. vera pistils (P2), whereas the reciprocal cross was largely unsuccessful. Hybrid seed germination reached 11.86%, and adult hybrids exhibited significant vegetative superiority over P1, particularly in leaf volume, leaf weight, and...
Characterization of carotenoid profiles and presence of functional markers in sub-tropical maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines
Peter Amoah, Victor O. Adetimirin, Bismark Anokye, Oluyinka J. llesanmi, Nnanna Unachukwu, Elisabeth Ivania Aporva
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(2):86-99 | DOI: 10.17221/143/2024-CJGPB
Biofortification provides a sustainable, pragmatic strategy to address the lack of vitamin A and the associated health complications. The objectives of the study encompassed the quantification of the carotenoid content of 147 maize inbred lines, the identification of variable regions within the ZEP1 gene, the correlation of these observed variances in the presence of this gene with carotenoid content, and the identification of lines harbouring the favourable alleles of the crtRB1 gene. The observed correlations among the carotenoids synthesised by distinct branches of the biosynthetic process were both significant and positive. Utilising...
Ectopic expression of the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) VuCERK1 gene confers enhanced resistance to Pto DC3000 hrcC- in Arabidopsis
Weida Chen, Lifen Gao, Gao Chen, Ting Yang, Zixin Zhao, Wenhao Xia, Niannian Fan, Siming Chen
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(2):77-85 | DOI: 10.17221/112/2024-CJGPB
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play multiple roles in plants. As a kind of PRRs, chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) proteins were reported to function in plant resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens, and tolerance to salt stress. In this study, a predicted cowpea CERK1 homologous gene, designated as VuCERK1, was identified by database search. VuCERK1 protein contains 618 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular mass of 67.5 kDa and a predicted isoelectric point of 5.04. VuCERK1 shows 58% and 60% sequence identity with AtCERK1 and OsCERK1, respectively. VuCERK1 also shows similar subcellular pattern with AtCERK1...
Agronomic and pod traits in relation to pod shattering in cultivated soybeans
Bingjie Tu, Qingying Zhang, Xiaobing Liu, Shaopeng Yu, Nan Xu, Jia Liu, Changkai Liu
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2025, 61(2):67-76 | DOI: 10.17221/119/2024-CJGPB
Pod dehiscence or pod shattering from mature soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most outstanding disadvantages in domesticated cultivars. Pod shattering in relation to 16 quantitative traits and 3 qualitative traits among 140 cultivars of vegetable soybeans, grain soybeans and small-grain soybeans was evaluated over two years. We found the pod shattering percentage is positively correlated with the number of productive branches, pod width, pod length, pod area, 100-seed weight, 1-seeded-pod percentage, 2-seeded-pod percentage and seed protein content, but negatively correlated with the plant height, pod height at the bottom, number of nodes...