Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2010 (vol. 46), Special Issue
The monitoring, collecting, and conserving of landraces and wild plant genetic resources, in situ, on-farm
V. Holubec
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S1 | DOI: 10.17221/2666-CJGPB 
Genetic diversity in portuguese native Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera and ssp. sylvestris
J. Cunha, M. Teixeira Santos, J. Brazăo, L.C. Carneiro, M. Veloso, P. Fevereiro, J.E.J. Eiras-Dias
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S54-S56 | DOI: 10.17221/2447-CJGPB
To assess the different origins of Portuguese grapevine varieties, we used six nuclear and four chloroplastidal microsatellites as molecular markers, in order to compare the genetic structure of native wild-vines with native grapevine varieties. Both native subspecies have a great diversity, and a high interrelationship across the six nuclear microsatellites. Although identical numbers of alleles were found in each population, their distribution was different in the vinifera and sylvestris subspecies. Portuguese wild-vines have only chlorotypes A and B; A being the most frequent. The fifty-seven analysed Portuguese varieties have chlorotypes...
In situ conservation of fruit landraces
F. Paprštein, J. Sedlák, V. Holubec
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S57-S59 | DOI: 10.17221/695-CJGPB
In situ conservation is considered as conservation of wild biota in the natural habitat (locality). The authors extend the term to cultivated fruit species naturalised in the landscape, such as occasional spontaneous seedlings, and planted material such as old solitary trees among fields, old groves, avenues (country lanes), wind-breaks, and abandoned remnants of orchards. In situ conservation is also used to mark unique materials during collecting expeditions, before they will be taken as ex situ or proclaimed as permanent in situ. Important landraces found within 12 regions of the Czech Republic were registered, evaluated,...
Possibilities and reality of on-farm conservation
V. Holubec, T. Vymyslický, F. Paprštein
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S60-S64 | DOI: 10.17221/2670-CJGPB
Conservation of crops is based on ex situ collection into gene banks. Additionally, crop's wild relatives can be conserved in situ, and landraces and obsolete cultivars also can be conserved using the on-farm method. The definition and methodology of on-farm conservation is discussed. On-farm conservation has been set up in the Czech Republic as model examples in several institutions dealing with nature protection, education, cultural conservation, as well as by some private farmers. Problems, plus positive and negative experiences are presented. On-farm conservation in open-air-museums in the natur (skansens) as well as in the national...
On-farm orchards of fruit trees
F. Paprštein, J. Sedlák, V. Holubec
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S65-S69 | DOI: 10.17221/2669-CJGPB
Four on-farm plantations (KRNAP Vrchlabí, the Orchard of Reconciliation in Neratov, Podyjí National Park, and Šumava National Park) were successfully established in a traditional form, with large orchard trees on seedling rootstocks. Certain accessions (cultivars) for on-farm conservation in the given locality were selected, according to the incidence and presentation of genotypes in these particular areas. This information was obtained by localization of fruit trees in situ and the determination of certain cultivars. Nursery stock production for onfarm plantations is described. Because of the longevity of the plantation, seedling rootstocks...
How can wheat landraces contribute to present breeding?
L. Dotlačil, J. Hermuth, Z. Stehno, V. Dvořáček, J. Bradová, L. Leišová
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S70-S74 | DOI: 10.17221/1519-CJGPB
Two sets of winter wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars were studied in three-year field experiments, and compared with 3 modern control cultivars. The higher spike productivity in modern cultivars could mainly be attributed to an increased number of grains in a spikelet and harvest index (HI), whereas thousand grain weight (TGW) has only a slight effect. Landraces and old cultivars proved to have a higher content of crude protein. Spike productivity characteristics, except for TGW, showed a negative correlation with the crude protein content in the grain. The number of kernels in a spikelet strongly affected the spike's productivity, whereas the...
Seed protein electrophoresis for assessment of genetic variation within genotypes of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds)
S. Stoyanova, B. Boller
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S75-S81 | DOI: 10.17221/2569-CJGPB
The protein diversity of 45 genotypes (forty genotypes selected within two gene pools and five varieties) of meadow fescue was examined. Genetic variation was described using ISTA/UPOV methods for crop variety identification. Modifications of acid-PAGE of alcohol-soluble proteins (prolamins), and SDS-PAGE of salt-soluble proteins (globulins) were elaborated for seed analyses of Festuca pratensis Huds. The results of this study indicated that the genotypes of meadow fescue could effectively be differentiated on the basis of polymorphism, detected between protein patterns. SDS-PAGE presented a higher differentiation power and better repeatability;...
Must characteristics of selected grapevine varieties used for local wine production
P. Vrána, O.M. Jandurová
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S82-S84 | DOI: 10.17221/697-CJGPB
The must characteristics of some old varieties (present on the list of varieties allowed for land wine making) were compared with their commercial relatives, in order to estimate their specific benefits and advantages for wine processing. In the case of Portuguese blue and Pinot noir pr飯ce, we additionally identified the influences of environmental conditions on their must composition and wine quality. Clear differences in sugar accumulation among varieties were detected, as well as differences in earliness.
Variability of morphological characters and active compound contents in Salvia verticillata L. in the Czech Republic
K. Dušek, E. Dušková, K. Smékalová
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S85-S86 | DOI: 10.17221/1520-CJGPB
Whorled clary was chosen as one of the medicinal plants with prospects for the reconstruction of flowering meadows in some areas of the Czech Republic. Nevertheless, production of uniform seed mixtures for these purposes brings a risk of decreasing the natural biodiversity of such meadow phytocenoses; and therefore the variability of its morphological characteristics and the content of essential oil in individual populations of this genus in the Czech Republic were studied. Among the studied populations, statistically significant differences in morphological characters were found, but not in the contents of the essential oil.
Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (Gmeli) Hegi populations in Southern Portugal: assessing the genetic diversity for its future management and conservation
J. Cunha, M. Teixeira Santos, L.C. Carneiro, P. Fevereiro, J.E.J. Eiras-Dias
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S87-S89 | DOI: 10.17221/2671-CJGPB
A survey of Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (Gmeli) Hegi in Portugal has revealed the existence of wildvine populations that occur only in riparian wood habitats on river margins, as is the case for other European populations. The genetic diversity of four populations has been evaluated using nuclear and chloropastidial microsatellites as molecular markers. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), showed that most of the genetic diversity was attributable to differences among individuals within populations. Only 7% of the total variance was attributable among populations; suggesting the existence of a low level of population differentiation....
Monitoring of selected threatened Fabaceae species in Moravia
T. Vymyslický
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S9-S13 | DOI: 10.17221/2667-CJGPB
Altogether, 17 threatened wild plant species of the family Fabaceae, selected in their natural localities, were included in the monitoring. They could have prospects for use in agriculture or horticulture. Most of the monitored species are well conserved within protected areas. Only occasional disturbances can be observed (caused by wild animals, human footpaths, etc.). Declines in species number were observed, especially during dry seasons (2004, 2007). On the other hand, an increase of species numbers was recorded during wet seasons (2006, 2008); this, thanks to the increased occurrence of annual species and ephemerals. For an evaluation of...
Post-harvest content of free titratable acids in the grain of proso millet varieties (Panicum milliaceum L.), and changes during grain processing and storage
V. Dvořáček, D. Janovská, L. Papoušková, E. Bicanová
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S90-S95 | DOI: 10.17221/699-CJGPB
A triennial evaluation of the content of titratable acids (TA) in grain was carried out on 12 varieties of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). The model variety, Mironovskoe 94, harvested in 2004, was used for the monitoring of sensory changes in TA content, in relationship to different storage conditions and the application of different grain processing methods. The Czech state norm (CSN 56 0512-9 1995) Determination of Titratable Acids, with a slight modification, was used as the standard method. The TA contents in dry matter varied between 39 and 78 mmol/kg of grain dry matter, and significant differences between varieties and experimental...
GIS design for in situ conservation of rare and endangered species
R. Hauptvogel, R. Kuna, P. Štrba, P. Hauptvogel
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S50-S53 | DOI: 10.17221/696-CJGPB
Two projects: Conservation and use of genetic resources of non-traditional crops, related wild species and wild species for food and agriculture; and Characterization and evaluation of diversity of wheat and their wild relatives and utilising in breeding involve research into rare and endangered species in the territory of Slovakia. In Slovakia, many threatened and rare plant species occur. In this group of plants, Aegilops cylindrica Host and Arctous alpina (L.) Nied are also listed. They are registered in the Red Data Book of Slovakia. To locate the occurrences of these species, we have used a GPS system. In this article, we illustrate...
Research work on Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris in Slovakia
D. Pospíšilová, R. Šimora, D. Sekera
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S47-S49 | DOI: 10.17221/989-CJGPB
By 2008, twelve localities had been investigated. At each location we assessed the degree of threats to the wild grapevine. Flowering plants were seldom found. The plants found were localized geographically, and 149 vines were described using the characteristics of shoot types and leaves, using the O.I.V. descriptor list. Morphological differences of the leaf shape, hair or bristle density are high. A few seeds which were found in dry black berries are much smaller in size than the seeds of Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa. From plants that were easily attainable, cuttings were taken with the objective to multiply the Vitis sylvestris and...
Landraces and obsolete cultivars of minor wheat species in the czech collection of wheat genetic resources
Z. Stehno, J. Bradová, L. Dotlačil, P. Konvalina
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S100-S105 | DOI: 10.17221/2664-CJGPB
The proportions of landraces in the Czech collection of wheat genetic resources significantly differentiates among wheat species, 4.2% in bread, 77.6% in emmer, and 80.0% in the einkorn wheat collections. A set of 10 selected emmer wheat landraces has been characterized by high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs). They were evaluated for 3 years in field trials, and described by grain quality parameters. Emmer wheat accessions differ considerably in the polymorphisms of HMW-GSs. Out of the total of 10 studied emmer wheat landraces, 5 accessions appeared to be homogeneous in the electrophoretic patterns of HMW-GSs; they were formed by a single...
Standard descriptors and EURISCO development
I. Faberová
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S106-S109 | DOI: 10.17221/1521-CJGPB
The paper gives information about both the genesis, and a survey of, the descriptors used for the documentation of plant genetic resources held in ex situ crop collections. The first international documentation standards were developed by the FAO in the 1950s. In 1974, a specific body for plant genetic resources, the IBPGR (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources), was established within the FAO. Since the 1970s, the descriptor lists for main crop collections have been developed, including passport descriptor sets. For the most part, the passport descriptors were common to all crops, with only slight differences. In 1997, the first attempt...
Monitoring of endangered Astragalus species in the protected landscape area Dunajské luhy at the Danube floodplains
J. Drobná
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S14-S18 | DOI: 10.17221/986-CJGPB
Astragalus excapus L. and Astragalus austriacus Jacq. are regarded as critically endangered species in Slovakia. They are threatened by environmental impact, natural succession, as well as by human activities. Monitoring them is an important tool in determining their status and in making management decisions for their protection. In this contribution, a summary of the basic terrain endeavours, current status, locality and species description, habitat preferences, possible threats, current protection, and management activities are presented.
Successful reintroduction of ancient grape varieties in the Czech Republic
O.M. Jandurová, R. Casal
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S19-S20 | DOI: 10.17221/2674-CJGPB
Changes in the law have allowed Czech vintners to produce land wines from some ancient varieties. There is the chance now for the reintroduction of such varieties, when we can clearly explain the pros and cons of these varieties in comparison with the common varieties; plus be able to indicate the possible benefits for those vintners who start to plant these ancient varieties. The successful reintroduction of these ancient varieties could enlarge the selection of wines for sale, and represents an alternative way of storing genetics resources, similar to on-farm conservation.
Results of projects on collecting, mapping, monitoring, and conserving of plant genetic resources 1990-2008
V. Holubec, P. Hauptvogel, F. Paprštein, W. Podyma, M. Ševčíková, T. Vymyslický
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S2-S8 | DOI: 10.17221/2673-CJGPB
Old landraces and obsolete cultivars represent a national heritage that must be conserved for future generations. Similarly, crop wild relatives (CWR) are a valuable gene pool for plant breeding or for direct introduction as a new crop. These materials have been mapped, collected, evaluated, regenerated, and conserved in the Gene Bank. In total, 3726 seed and vegetative samples have been collected in the Czech Republic, as well as 1582 abroad (in Slovakia, Poland and Austria) during cross-border cooperation projects. All collecting sites (over 1000) were located by GPS and plotted using the Geobaze Professional 2.8 mapping software. Altogether, 688...
Monitoring of selected threatened species in Bohemia
V. Holubec
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S21-S26 | DOI: 10.17221/694-CJGPB
The monitoring was based on 6 localities selected from within different regions of the Czech Republic. The vegetation was monitored during 2005 to 2008. Plant checklists have been made for each locality. Permanent plots of 9 m2 in size have been marked and the phytosociological relevés have been recorded. The standard Braun-Blanquet scale of abundance/dominance was used. Biological diversity was evaluated using the Shannon, Simpson, and Evennes indexes. While some localities were stable and no threat was found (Radobýl), other localities were (to an extent) disturbed (Grado, Václavka, and Děčín); seriously damaged (Zbraslav), or permanently...
The Balkan collections 1941-1942 of Hans Stubbe in the Gatersleben Gene Bank
H. Knüpffer
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S27-S33 | DOI: 10.17221/2675-CJGPB
The German Federal Gene Bank at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) in Gatersleben comprises ca. 148 000 accessions of crop plants and their wild relatives. Among these, material from Albania and Greece is represented with ca. 1100 and more than 2700 accessions, respectively. IPK's collection of Albanian germplasm is the world's largest collection, while IPK's Greek germplasm collection is the third largest holding of Greek crops and their wild relatives. The largest part of this material (ca. 200 and 1600 accessions from Albania and Greece, respectively) originates from two collecting expeditions carried out by Hans...
Genetic diversity of selected medicinal plants in protected landscape areas in the Czech Republic
K. Dušek, E. Dušková, K. Smékalová
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S34-S36 | DOI: 10.17221/2449-CJGPB
Agrimonia eupatoria, Betonica officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, Plantago media, Salvia pratensis and S. verticillata were selected as subjects for a research project studying the genetic diversity of wild medicinal plants in the Czech Republic. Some plants (both in the vegetative form and as seeds) from 26 localities at 5 protected landscape areas around the Czech Republic were transferred to the field nursery in Olomouc; there the contents of the active compounds (essential oil, tannins, hypericin and hyperforin, mucus) were evaluated. The large number of results provides a good opportunity to evaluate the...
Repatriation of lost old grass varieties to the germplasm collection of the Czech Republic
M. Ševčíková
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S37-S39 | DOI: 10.17221/1518-CJGPB
In former Czechoslovakia, grass breeding was located in the three distinct regions of Southern Bohemia and Northern Moravia during the 1920's; and later in Slovakia in the 1940's. This resulted in the development of 45 cultivars of 17 grass species which originated from local ecotypes and were named after the place of their breeding (e.g. Táborský, Větrovský, Rožnovský, and Levočský). Most of these historical cultivars were not preserved in any national germplasm collection, and the number of missing accessions amounted to 27 of the 34 deleted varieties. Using the findings about unpreserved materials of Czechoslovak origin in the European Central...
Grassland monitoring of meadows in the region around Banská Bystrica
J. Martincová, Ľ. Ondrášek
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S40-S44 | DOI: 10.17221/2668-CJGPB
Meadow grassland communities were monitored in situ in the region around the town of Bansk᠂ystrica (Central Slovakia) over the 2008 growing season. The botanical compositions were determined at the sites listed in NATURA 2000 (Donovaly, Tajov, and Priechod). The respective site coordinates were determined using a Global Position System, and then put on the digital map of the Google server. A range of rare, endangered, and protected plant species were found at the monitored sites (e.g. Gymnadenia densiflora, Lilium bulbiferum, Lilium matragon, and Stipa joannis).
Monitoring of the relic endemics of Uzbekistan's flora
K.Sh. Tojibaev
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S45-S46 | DOI: 10.17221/698-CJGPB
The results from monitoring of two endemic species of Uzbekistan flora are shown. The first species examined was Otostegia bucharica B. Fedtsch. (Lamiaceae). This is an endemic species of Uzbekistan which is critically endangered. The second focus of this research was Thesium minkwitzianum B. Fedtsch. (Santalaceae), also an endemic species of western Tien Shan, that grows in the territory of the Chatcal Reseserve.
Evaluation of winter wheat collection in terms of HMW- and LMW-glutenin subunits
J. Bradová, L. Štočková
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2010, 46(10):S96-S99 | DOI: 10.17221/2448-CJGPB
The composition of high molecular weight (HMW-GS) and low molecular weight (LMW-GS) glutenin subunits was examined in a collection of 86 Czech registered winter wheat varieties. These proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An inter-varietal polymorphism of the HMW and LMW glutenin subunits was detected. Twenty-one different patterns for HMW were identified, and eighteen for the LMW-glutenins. The different alleles encoded at the six glutenin loci were determined. Three, six, and four alleles were observed, respectively at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci (encoding high HMW-GS). Three,...