Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2012, 48(2):51-60 | DOI: 10.17221/176/2011-CJGPB

Pseudo-embryogenic structures in anther and isolated microspore cultures in vitro: a cautionary guideReview

Ugur BAL1,2, Mehran E. SHARIATPANAHI1,3, Antonio J. CASTRO4, Delphine EMERY5, Christophe CLÉMENT5, Maryam DEHESTANI-ARDAKANI3, Khadijeh MOZAFFARI3, Alisher TOURAEV1
1 Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna University, Vienna, Austria
2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
3 Department of Tissue Culture and Gene Transformation, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
4 Sexual Plant Reproduction Laboratory, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Granada, Spain
5 University of Reims, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Lab of Plant Stress Defense and Reproduction, Reims Cedex, France$3

This review describes sources of structures of non-microspore origin observed in anther and microspore cultures. Various characteristics of these structures may cause a wrong diagnosis of these structures as embryos or cell/tissue clusters of microspore origin. Here we suggest such structures to be named as pseudo-embryogenic structures. The introduction of pseudo-embryogenic structures and their origins could be helpful to distinguish them from true microspore-derived structures. Prompted by certain environmental cues, somatic cells existing as a contamination in immature pollen (microspores) cultures can lead to the formation of 'pseudo-embryos' commonly known as embryoids. The pseudo-embryogenic structures may be classified in the following groups: (i) pseudo-star-like structures; pseudo-multicellular structures; (ii) pseudo-embryos with pseudo-suspensors; (iii) contaminating bacteria appearing as callus colonies; (iv) calli and embryos of somatic origin; (v) giant tetrad-like structures; (vi) anther wall cells. The exact origin of these structures is discussed in this paper, and some recommendations are proposed in order to avoid misinterpretation.

Keywords: anther culture; microspore embryogenesis; pseudo-embryogenic structures

Published: June 30, 2012  Show citation

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BAL U, SHARIATPANAHI ME, CASTRO AJ, EMERY D, CLÉMENT C, DEHESTANI-ARDAKANI M, et al.. Pseudo-embryogenic structures in anther and isolated microspore cultures in vitro: a cautionary guide. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 2012;48(2):51-60. doi: 10.17221/176/2011-CJGPB.
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