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Prediction of flour breadmaking quality was verified using DNA markers in seven genotypes of winter wheat (T. aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) of different quality classes, four genotypes of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBRR), and selected progenies of triticale Presto with the T1R.1D₅₊₁₀-2 translocation. DNA isolated from fresh leaves (the stage of the first true leaf) was used to detect the Glu D1 5+10 allele based on the SPLAT protocol according to D'Ovidio and Anderson (1994). The presence of the Glu D1 5+10 allele was verified using a product of 450 bp size. It was detected in the wheat genotypes Athlet, Brea, Bruneta, Iris, Lívia, Mona, Sida, and in all analysed progenies derived from the Presto triticale sample with the T1R.1D₅₊₁₀-2 translocation. Effects are discussed of other loci on the final breadmaking quality in the wheat varieties Athlet, Lívia, and Mona with Glu D1 5+10 and a lower grain breadmaking quality.

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina belongs to the most important wheat diseases in Europe, including Slovakia. Winter wheat varieties registered in Slovakia have been tested with already developed STS (Lr9, Lr24), SCAR (Lr35) and SSR (Lr13) markers which are linked to the mentioned leaf rust resistance genes. Each of the four DNA markers linked to the individual resistance gene can be detected safely, easily and relatively fast by using the PCR reaction. This is very important for marker assisted selection (MAS) for the incorporation of the Lr9, Lr24 a Lr35 genes into chosen wheat genotypes with good bread-making quality or for the characterisation of wheat genetic resources (Lr13 gene).

Activities on plant genetic resources in the Czech Republic are concentrated in the National Programme on Conservation and Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources. Eleven institutions maintain 51,000 accessions, of which 17.3% belong to vegetatively propagated species. Research Institute of Crop Production (RICP) Prague has the responsibility for the coordination of the Programme; it holds more than half of all accessions in collections of genetic resources, runs the national information system and provides long-term storage for all seed-propagated species. All Czech collections are fully documented in passport data. Evaluation data (based on National descriptor lists for 29 crops) are available for 33% of the accessions. Much work is currently spent to the description and evaluation of collections, to facilitate their utilisation in breeding and agricultural practice. Also collecting missions on the Czech territory, conservation and monitoring of valuable resources maintained in situ contributeto the maintenance and evaluation of local resources. Landraces are considered a valuable part of the collections. Suitable ways of "on farm" conservation are investigated for selected accessions, to support their utilisation in agricultural practice and to enrich the existing diversity of crops and cultivars. Cultivars and landraces of neglected crops (buckwheat, millet, hulled wheat species) were successfully used to enrich the agro-biodiversity and for specific purposes of human nutrition. Close collaboration with producers (often organic farms) and processing industry has been established. Selected alternative crops and catch crops were studied as potential new crops.

Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for disease resistance in the world and in the Czech Republic are reviewed. Attention is paid to rusts, powdery mildew, leaf blotch, glume blotch, tan spot, fusarium head blight, common and dwarf bunt, eyespot, barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat and wheat dwarf virus. Genes for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew in the cultivars registered in the Czech Republic are listed. Promising resistance genes and sources of resistance to the above mentioned diseases are reviewed. Prospects of resistance breeding including application of methods of molecular genetics and development of synthetic hexaploids are outlined.

A survey of development and prospects of the utilisation of doubled haploid techniques in rapeseed breeding in the world and in the Czech Republic is presented. The first utilisation of spontaneously occurred haploids from Brassica napus inbreeding programmes is described. The development of techniques of anther and later microspore culture is outlined. Special emphasis is given to the practical use of doubled haploids for the improvement of the effectiveness of breeding new productive cultivars. Some partial results of evaluation of yield parameters and resistance to important diseases in the obtained doubled haploid lines of winter oilseed rape are shown. The literary review and present results indicate, that the doubled haploid technique can be effectively used for the development of homozygous oilseed rape lines as an alternative to conventional methods.

Genetically modified organisms have become a part of our environment and food chain. Roundup Ready soybean is at the moment the most frequent one that man can meet. National regulations require careful monitoring and detection of GMOs. We present in this investigation comparison of several protocols and individual steps, which are included in the whole detection procedure. Currently used CTAB based protocol is suitable for DNA isolation from the green plant tissue but also from the flour. Lectin coding sequence specific primers were suitable for soybean DNA detection unlike leu-tRNA gene specific primers. Only one of the tested CaMV sequence specific primer pairs did not amplify unspecific products under condition tested. NOS terminator specific primer pair was found suitable for routine screening. EPSPS gene was detected using two different protocols; the same primers did not identify other Roundup Ready GM crops.

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to evaluate both genetic diversity among 19 soybean accessions included in the Czech National Collection of Soybean Genotypes and their potential as a new source of genetic variations for soybean breeding programs. Only 22 of all the 40 random primers used in RAPD reactions showed polymorphism acceptable for an effective characterisation of these accessions. Altogether 122 highly reproducible RAPD fragments were generated, 55 of them were polymorphic (46%). However, because of the previously observed low degree of RAPD polymorphism in the case of Glycine max, fragments with low level of informativeness were evaluated, too. Presented results enable the selection of genetically distinct individuals. Such information may be useful to breeders willing to use genetically diverse introductions in soybean improvement process.