Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2007, 43(2):35-43 | DOI: 10.17221/1911-CJGPB

The effect of friabilin on wheat grain hardness: a review

Daniela Mikulíková
Research Institute of Plant Production, Slovak Agricultural Research Centre, Piešťany, Slovak Republic

A wheat marketing system established the primary classification of hexaploid wheat based on the endosperm texture, i.e. hardness or softness of the grain. Hardness affects a range of characters including the milling (tempering, milling yield, flour particle size, shape and density of flour particles), baking and end-use properties. Wheat grain hardness is largely controlled by genetic factors but it can also be affected by the environmental and other factors. The endosperm texture is primarily associated with the Hardness (Ha) locus on the short arm of chromosome 5D. It is regulated by friabilin. This 15 kDa starch surface protein complex is present in larger amounts in soft wheats compared to hard ones and consists of three major polypeptides: puroindoline a (Pina), puroindoline b (Pinb) and grain softness protein 1 (Gsp-1). The soft grain texture in wheat is a result of both puroindoline genes being in the wild type active form and bound to starch. When one of the puroindolines is either absent or altered by mutation, then the result is a hard texture. Gene sequence variation and mutation of both puroindoline genes account for the majority of variation in the wheat grain texture. The latter may serve as the potential for improvement of milling and baking wheat quality. However, many wheat varieties have the intermediately (mixed) hard endosperm and there is a wide variation between soft and hard grain texture. Grain hardness is affected by a number of factors beyond genetics including N management, tillage system, pest infestations, environment (location of growth, temperature and rainfall during the growing season) and their interactions, and factors such as moisture, gliadin composition, and content of lipids, starch and pentosans.

Keywords: friabilin; grain softness protein (Gsp-1); puroindoline a (Pina); puroindoline b (Pinb)

Published: June 30, 2007  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Mikulíková D. The effect of friabilin on wheat grain hardness: a review. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 2007;43(2):35-43. doi: 10.17221/1911-CJGPB.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Anjum F.M., Walker C.E. (2006): Review on the significance of starch and protein to wheat kernel hardness. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 56: 1-13. Go to original source...
    2. Bettge A.D., Morris C.F. (2000): Relationships among grain hardness, pentosan fractions, and end-use quality of wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 77: 241-247. Go to original source...
    3. Blochet J.E., Chevalier C., Forest E., Pebay-Peyroula E., Gautier M.F., Joudrier P., Pezolet M., Marion D. (1993): Complete amino acid sequence of puroindoline, a new basic and cystine-rich protein with a unique tryptophan-rich domain, isolated from wheat endosperm by Triton X-114 phase partitioning. FEBS Letters, 329: 336-340. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Breseghello F., Finney P.L., Gaines C., Andrews L., Tanaka J., Penner G., Sorrells M.E. (2005): Genetic loci related to kernel quality differences between a soft and a hard wheat cultivars. Crop Science, 45: 1685-1695. Go to original source...
    5. Campbell K.G., Bergman C.J., Gualberto D.G., Anderson J.A., Giroux M.J., Hareland G., Fulcher R.G., Sorrells M.E., Finney P.L. (1999): Quantitative trait loci associated with kernel traits in soft × hard wheat cross. Crop Science, 39: 1184-1195. Go to original source...
    6. Campbell K.G., Finney P.L., Bergman C.J., Gualberto D.G., Anderson J.A., Giroux M.J. (2001): Quantitative trait loci associated with milling and baking quality in a soft × hard cross. Crop Science, 41: 1275-1285. Go to original source...
    7. Cane K., Spackman M., Eagles H.A. (2004): Puroindoline genes and their effects on grain quality traits in southern Australian wheat cultivars. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 55: 89-95. Go to original source...
    8. Chang C., Zhang H., Xu J., Li W., Liu G., You M., Li B. (2006): Identification of allelic variations of puroindoline genes controlling grain hardness in wheat using a modified denaturing PAGE. Euphytica, 152: 225-234. Go to original source...
    9. Chantret N., Cenci A., Sabot F., Anderson O. (2004): Sequencing of the Triticum monococcum Hardness locus reveals good microcolinearity with rice. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 271: 377-386. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Charnet P., Molle G., Marion D., Rousset M., Lullien-Pellerin V. (2003): Puroindoline form ion channels in biological membranes. Biophysical Journal, 84: 2416-2426. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Chen F., He Z., Xia X., Lillemo M., Morris C.F. (2005): A new puroindoline b mutation present in Chinese winter wheat cultivar Jingdong 11. Journal of Cereal Science, 42: 267-269. Go to original source...
    12. Chen F., He Z.H., Xia X.C., Xia L.Q., Zhang X.Y., Lillemo M., Morris C.F. (2006): Molecular and biochemical characterization of puroindoline a and b alleles in Chinese landraces and historical cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 112: 400-409. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Csóti I., Bakó A., Tamás L., Gárdonyi M. (2005): Investigation of the starch-binding properties of wheat friabilin. Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 49: 29-30.
    14. Day L., Bhandari D.G., Greenwell P., Leonard S.A., Schofield J.D. (2006): Characterization of wheat puroindoline proteins. FEBS Journal, 273: 5358- 5373. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Dexter J.E., Williams P.C., Edwards N.M., Martin, D.G. (1988). The relationships between durum wheat vitreousness, kernel hardness and processing quality. Journal of Cereal Science, 7: 169-181. Go to original source...
    16. Douliez J.P., Michon T., Elmorjani K., Marion D. (2000): Structure, biological and technological functions of lipid transfer proteins and indolines, the major lipid binding proteins from cereal kernels. Journal of Cereal Science, 32: 1-20. Go to original source...
    17. Dubreil L., Compoint J.P., Marion D. (1997): Interaction of puroindolines with wheat flour polar lipids determines their foaming properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45: 108-116. Go to original source...
    18. Dubreil L., Gaborit T., Bouchet B., Gallant D.J., Broekaert W.F., Quillien L., Marion D. (1998): Spatial and temporal distribution of the major isoforms of puroindolines (puroindoline a and puroindoline b) and non specific lipid transfer protein of Triticum aestivum seeds. Plant Sciences, 138: 121-135. Go to original source...
    19. Dubreil L., Vié V., Beaufils S., Marion D., Renault A. (2003): Aggregation of puroindoline in phospholipid monolayers spread at the air-liquid interface. Biophysical Journal, 85: 2650-2660. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Gaines C.S., Raeker M.O., Tilley M., Finney P.L., Wilson J.D., Bechtel D.B., Martin R.J., Seib P.A., Lookhart G.L., Donelson T. (2000): Associations of starch gel hardness, granule size, waxy allelic expression, thermal pasting, milling quality, and kernel texture of 12 soft wheat cultivars. Cereal Chemistry, 77: 163-168. Go to original source...
    21. Gautier M.F., Aleman M.E., Guirao A., Marion D., Joudrier P. (1994): Triticum aestivum puroindolines, two basic cystine-rich seed proteins: cDNA sequence analysis and developmental gene expression. Plant Molecular Biology, 25: 43-57. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Gazza L., Nocente F., Ng P.K., Pogna N.E. (2005): Genetic and biochemical analysis of common wheat cultivars lacking puroindoline a. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 110: 470-478. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Gedye K.R., Bettge A.D., King G.E., Morris C.F. (2005): Evaluation of maternal parent and puroindoline allele on kernel texture in a reciprocal cross between two hard spring wheat cultivars. Euphytica, 141: 121-127. Go to original source...
    24. Giroux M.J., Morris C.F. (1997): A glycine to serine change in puroindoline b is associated with wheat grain hardness and low levels of starch-surface friabilin. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 95: 857-864. Go to original source...
    25. Giroux M.J., Morris C.F. (1998): Wheat grain hardness results from highly conserved mutations in the friabilin components puroindoline a and b. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 95: 6262-6266. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Giroux M.J., Talbert L., Habernicht D.K., Lanning S., Hemphill A., Martin J.M. (2000): Association of puroindoline sequence type and grain hardness in hard red spring wheat. Crop Science, 40: 370-374. Go to original source...
    27. Greenblatt G.A., Bettge A.D., Morris C.F. (1995): The relationship among endosperm texture, friabilin occurrence, and bound polar lipids on wheat starch. Cereal Chemistry, 72: 172-176.
    28. Greenwell P., Schofield J.D. (1986): A starch granule protein associated with endosperm softness in wheat. Cereal Chemistry, 63: 379-380.
    29. Hogg A.C., Beecher B., Martin J.M., Meyer F., Talbert L., Lanning S., Giroux M.J. (2005): Hard wheat milling and bread baking traits affected by the seedspecific overexpression of puroindolines. Crop Science, 45: 871-878. Go to original source...
    30. Huebner F.R., Gaines C.S. (1992): Relation between wheat kernel hardness, environment, and gliadin composition. Cereal Chemistry, 69: 148-151.
    31. Igrejas G., Gaborit T., Oury F.X., Chiron H., Marion D., Branlard G. (2001): Genetic and environmental effects on puroindoline-a and puroindoline-b and their technological properties in French bread wheats. Journal of Cereal Science, 34: 37-47. Go to original source...
    32. Igrejas G., Leroy P., Charmet G., Gaborit T., Marion D., Branlard G. (2002): Mapping QTLs for grain hardness and puroindoline content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 106: 19-27. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Jing W., Demcoe A.R., Vogel H.J. (2003): Conformation of a bactericidal domain of puroindoline a: structure and mechanism of action of a 13-residue antimicrobial peptide. Journal of Bacteriology, 185: 4938-4947. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Konopka I., Rotkiewicz D., Tańska M. (2005): Wheat endosperm hardness. Part II. Relationship to content and composition of flour lipids. European Food Research and Technology, 220: 20-24. Go to original source...
    35. Law C.N., Young C.F., Brown J.W.S., Snape J.W., Worland J.W. (1978): The study of grain protein control in wheat using whole chromosome substitution lines. In: Seed Protein Improvement by Nuclear Techniques. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 483-502.
    36. Lillemo M., Morris C.F. (2000): A leucine to proline mutation in puroindoline b is frequently present in hard wheats from Northern Europe. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 100: 1100-1107. Go to original source...
    37. Lillemo M., Ringlund K. (2002): Impact of puroindoline b alleles on the genetic variation for hardness in soft × hard wheat crosses. Plant Breeding, 121: 210-217. Go to original source...
    38. Lyon D.J., Shelton D.R. (1999): Fallow management and nitrogen fertilizer influence winter wheat kernel hardness. Crop Science, 39: 448-452. Go to original source...
    39. Martin J.M., Frohberg R.C., Morris C.F., Talbert L.E., Giroux M.J. (2001): Milling and bread baking traits associated with puroindoline sequence type in hard red spring wheat. Crop Science, 41: 228-234. Go to original source...
    40. Morris C.F. (2002): Puroindolines: the molecular genetic basis of wheat grain hardness. Plant Molecular Biology, 48: 633-647. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Morris C.F., Allan R.E. (2001): Registration of hard and soft near-isogenic lines of hexaploid wheat genetic stocks. Crop Science, 41: 935-936. Go to original source...
    42. Morris C.F., Konzak C.F. (2001): Registration of hard and soft homozygous waxy wheat germplasm. Crop Science, 41: 934-935. Go to original source...
    43. Morris C.F., Massa A.N. (2003): Puroindoline genotype of the U.S. National Institute of Standards & Technology Reference Material 8441, Wheat hardness. Cereal Chemistry, 80: 674-678. Go to original source...
    44. Morris C.F., King G.E., Allan R.E., Simeone M.C. (2001a): Identification and characterization of nearisogenic hard and soft hexaploid wheats. Crop Science, 41: 211-217. Go to original source...
    45. Morris C.F., Lillemo M., Simeone M.C., Giroux M.J., Babb S.L., Kidwell K.K. (2001b): Prevalence of puroindoline grain hardness genotypes among historically significant North American spring and winter wheats. Crop Science, 41: 218-228. Go to original source...
    46. Perretant M.R., Cadalen T., Charmet G., Sourdille P., Nicolas P., Boeuf C., Tixier M.H., Branlard G., Bernard S., Bernard M. (2000): QTL analysis of bread-making quality in wheat using a doubled haploid population. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 100: 1167-1175. Go to original source...
    47. Peterson C.J., Graybosch R.A., Baenziger P.S., Grombacher A.W. (1992): Genotype and environment effects on quality characteristics of hard red winter wheat. Crop Science, 32: 98-103. Go to original source...
    48. Rahman S., Jolly J.C., Skerritt J.H., Wallosheck A. (1994): Cloning of a wheat 15-kDa grain softness protein. European Journal of Biochemistry, 223: 917-925. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. See D.R., Giroux M., Gill B.S. (2004): Effect of multiple copies of puroindoline genes on grain softness. Crop Science, 44: 1248-1253. Go to original source...
    50. Sourdille P., Perretant M.R., Charmet G., Leroy P., Gautier M.F., Joudrier P., Nelson J.C., Sorrells M.E., Bernard M. (1996): Linkage between RFLP markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 93: 580-586. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Stenvert N.L., Kingswood K. (2006): The influence of the physical structure of the protein matrix on wheat hardness. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 28: 11-19. Go to original source...
    52. Swan C.G., Meyer F.D., Hogg A.C., Martin J.M., Giroux M.J. (2006): Puroindoline b limits binding of puroindoline a to starch and grain softness. Crop Science, 46: 1656-1665. Go to original source...
    53. Symes K.J. (1965): The inheritance of grain hardness in wheat as measured by the particle size index. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 16: 113-123. Go to original source...
    54. Symes K.J. (1969): Influence of a gene causing hardness on the milling and baking quality of two wheats. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 20: 971-979. Go to original source...
    55. Tipples K.H., Kilborn R.H., Preston K.R. (1994): Bread wheat quality defined. In: Bushuk W., Rasper V.F. (eds.): Wheat, Production, Properties and Quality. Blackie Academic and Professional, Chapman & Hall, Glasgow, 25-35. Go to original source...
    56. Tranquilli G., Heaton J., Chicaiza O., Dubcovsky J. (2002): Substitutions and deletions of genes related to grain hardness in wheat and their effect on grain texture. Crop Science, 42: 1812-1817. Go to original source...
    57. Turnbull K.M., Rahman S. (2002): Endosperm texture in wheat. Journal of Cereal Science, 36: 327-337. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content